"Then, in 1905, the United States publicly disclosed the unratified treaties it had made with 18 California tribes. The tribes responded by building a legal and economic framework for tribal sovereignty. In 1988, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was enacted, and small casinos sprouted on reservations in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Southern California. Similar resorts sprang up across the country, and the economic benefits have helped fuel the struggle for tribal sovereignty."
"A recent study from the Harvard Kennedy School Project on Indigenous Governance and Development shows how gaming has helped tribes acquire economic and political capital. The report was written by three Indigenous researchers: Randall Akee (Native Hawaiian), Elijah Moreno (Coastal Band of the Chumash Nation) and Amy Besaw Medford (Brothertown). "In reality, nearly every tribe is impacted by gaming in some capacity, whether directly or indirectly," the authors wrote."
California's first governor, Peter Hardeman Burnett, led a racist campaign and policies that caused malnutrition, homicide, forced migration, and nearly a 90% decline in Native populations between 1848 and 1900. Despite that devastation, California's Indigenous peoples persisted. In 1905 the United States disclosed unratified treaties with 18 California tribes, prompting tribes to construct legal and economic frameworks for sovereignty. The 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act enabled tribal casinos, which spread nationwide. Tribal gaming generated $43.9 billion reported to the NIGC last year—about 40% of U.S. gaming revenue—and tribes use revenues for health care, education, small business, philanthropy, and other programs.
Read at High Country News
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