"Volcanic eruptions are often preceded by magmatic dike intrusions, which manifest themselves in ground deformation, increased seismicity and changes in gas emissions as observed before the 2000 Miyake-jima (Japan), the 2018 Kilauea (Hawaii, USA), as well as the 2014-15 Bárðarbunga-Holuhraun and the 2021-24 Reykjanes Peninsula (Iceland) eruptions5,6,7,8,9,10. Monitoring these precursors is critical for detecting volcanic unrest, assessing hazards and providing early warnings of eruption-related hazards."
"Following elevated seismic activity centred on the Santorini caldera since September 2024 (Extended Data Fig. 1), an unexpectedly intense earthquake swarm began at about 19:00 UTC on 27 January 2025, located 10 km NE of Santorini and 2 km SE of Kolumbo (Figs. 1 and 2). The 2025 Santorini earthquake swarm continued with fluctuating intensity for more than 30 days. It exhibited a progressive energy release with a pattern of hypocentre migration focussing between the islands of Santorini, Anhydros and Amorgos (Fig. 1a)."
Magmatic dike intrusions commonly precede volcanic eruptions and produce ground deformation, elevated seismicity and changes in gas emissions. Monitoring these precursors enables detection of volcanic unrest, hazard assessment and early warnings. Elevated seismicity around the Santorini caldera began in September 2024 and culminated in an intense earthquake swarm starting 27 January 2025 about 10 km NE of Santorini and 2 km SE of Kolumbo. The swarm persisted with fluctuating intensity for over 30 days and showed progressive energy release with hypocentre migration between Santorini, Anhydros and Amorgos. Authorities declared a state of emergency on nearby islands from 6 February to 3 March 2025. A high-resolution catalogue records more than 30,000 events between October 2024 and 25 February 2025 with a mean magnitude of completeness of MW = 1.3.
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