"So evolution, what it really means is change over time. So we wanna know how that change occurs over time. And there's two dimensions to this process, and it kind of works like a staircase. And one process is mutation, and that's the rise in the staircase. Those occur by chance. If mutation didn't happen, all things would be identical. So you need mutation to make individuals different from one another."
"Chance invents, and natural selection propagates that chance invention. Our immune system works on the very same principles of mutation and selection as evolution at large does in the big world. Cancer is truly an evolutionary disease, meaning that it is a disease that results from the exact same evolutionary process we're describing. So while Darwin's is the most famous figure associated with the theory of evolution, Alfred Russel Wallace played a key part."
Evolution is change over time driven by mutations and natural selection. Mutations are random genetic changes that create differences among individuals. Beneficial mutations that increase survival or reproduction spread through populations by selection. The process functions like a staircase: chance causes rises (mutations) while selection provides runs that propagate advantageous changes. New mutations accumulate on prior changes, producing complexity over time. The immune system operates by the same mutation-and-selection principles. Cancer results from evolutionary processes acting on cells, making it an evolutionary disease. Alfred Russel Wallace jointly contributed to the foundational theory alongside Darwin.
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