"M cells are rare epithelial cells that are involved in intestinal mucosal immunity1,2,3. They have irregular microvilli on their apical surface4,5 and transcytose luminal antigens to the immune cells that reside in their basally located 'pocket'2,3,4. Mouse M cells are derived from LGR5+ intestinal stem cells6, require RANKL7 and the transcription factors SPIB6,8 and SOX8 (ref. 9), and express Gp2 (ref. 10)."
"We recently developed a culture protocol for human intestinal organoids14, which we further optimized as 'M cell medium' by adding RANKL, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and retinoic acid, leading to the appearance of GP2+ cells (Fig. 1a-c). Consistent with observations in mice7, RANKL appeared to be essential for the development of M cell organoids (Fig. 1b,c). M cell organoids exhibited reduced numbers of proliferative buds (Extended Data Fig. 1a-d),"
M cells are specialized epithelial cells that mediate intestinal mucosal immunity by transcytosing luminal antigens to immune cells in a basal pocket. Mouse M cells arise from LGR5+ intestinal stem cells, require RANKL and transcription factors SPIB and SOX8, and express Gp2, while many mouse M cell markers are not conserved in humans. A human intestinal organoid protocol optimized into an M cell medium with RANKL, tumour necrosis factor and retinoic acid yields GP2+ M cells. RANKL is essential for M cell development in organoids. Lymphotoxin-β increases GP2+ frequency but induces cell death and was excluded. M cell pockets contain dendritic cells and T cells, and M cells may interact directly with T cells.
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