Galactic Monsters Grew in Cocoons Like Giant Bugs, Scientists Say

"How the most massive objects in the universe first formed is one of the biggest headscratchers in astrophysics. With more advanced telescopes, astronomers have found fully formed galaxies and colossal black holes earlier and earlier in the cosmos, just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. This shouldn't be enough time for these structures to reach their incredible size; to astronomers, it's like stumbling on a fully-grown oak tree that's only a year old."

"The dilemma was put into hyperdrive by the James Webb Space Telescope's discovery of extremely bright " Little Red Dots" that were present when the universe was less than a billion years old, and are nowhere to be seen today. Though they're suspected to be some kind of compact galaxy, they would be almost impossibly dense at the mass they appear to have, wall-to-wall with stars."

""They would need to produce stars at 100 percent efficiency, and that's not what we're used to seeing," he told Ars Technica. "Galaxies cannot produce stars at more than 20 percent efficiency, at least that's what our current knowledge is.""

Extremely bright "Little Red Dots" appear at less than a billion years after the Big Bang. These objects would be almost impossibly dense at their inferred masses, implying near-100 percent star-formation efficiency, far above typical ~20 percent efficiencies. An alternative explanation as supermassive black holes is inconsistent with the absence of X-ray emission and would require black holes nearly as massive as their host galaxies, a configuration not observed in conventional systems. Measurements of the gases used to infer invisible black hole masses indicate gas motions that do not support the initial mass estimates.

Read at Futurism