"Eakin, R. M. The Third Eye (Univ. of California Press,1973). Book Google Scholar Lamb, T. D. Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 36, 52119 (2013). Article CAS Google Scholar Janvier, P. Early Vertebrates (Clarendon,1996). Book Google Scholar Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life 1st edn (Murray, 1859)."
"Book Google Scholar Benoit, J., Abdala, F., Manger, P. R. & Rubidge, B. S. The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic Eutheriodont Therapsids. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 61, 777789 (2016). Google Scholar Lamb, T. D., Collin, S. P. & Pugh, E. N. Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 960976 (2007)."
Phototransduction machinery, opsins, and diverse photoreceptor types formed the basis of vertebrate vision and underwent early diversification. Retinal organization and eye-cup morphologies evolved alongside molecular innovations that enabled complex light detection. Fossil evidence from Cambrian chordates and exceptionally preserved specimens documents early eye structures and pigmented anatomy. Middle and late Paleozoic and Permo-Triassic synapsid remains show variability in parietal anatomy and emergence of pineal-related photoreceptive features. Comparative ultrastructure in tunicates and analyses of decay and preservation inform interpretations of soft-tissue eye evolution. Integrating paleontological and physiological data clarifies transitions toward modern vertebrate visual systems.
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