"The development of multicellular organisms proceeds through a series of morphogenetic events that sculpt tissue morphology. Morphogenesis in animals starts during gastrulation, when simple cell clusters or sheets are transformed into complex tissues with several layers and curved shapes. In the early embryo, several morphogenetic events typically occur simultaneously in a mechanical continuum that lacks clear compartmentalization, raising the question of how forces emanating from one process may influence another."
"Gastrulation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophilidae) begins with concurrent morphogenetic movement of its three germ layers10,11. At gastrulation onset, mesoderm internalizes through ventral furrow formation, endoderm internalization begins with posterior midgut (PMG) invagination and at the boundary between the head and the trunk, ectoderm forms a deep epithelial fold called the cephalic furrow (CF)12,13,14. These morphogenetic movements are followed by germband extension (GBE) in which the trunk ectoderm undergoes convergent-extension to elongate its anterior-posterior axis15."
Morphogenesis begins during gastrulation when simple cell clusters or sheets transform into layered, curved tissues. Multiple morphogenetic events occur simultaneously in the early embryo within a mechanical continuum lacking clear compartmentalization, allowing forces from one process to influence others. External forces can be co-opted to facilitate local deformation, whereas inter-tissue conflicts can accumulate mechanical stresses that may be detrimental. The presence or evolution of mechanisms to mitigate such stresses remains unclear. In Drosophila melanogaster, gastrulation involves synchronous movement of three germ layers, ventral furrow mesoderm internalization, posterior midgut endoderm invagination, and cephalic furrow formation in the head ectoderm, overlapping with germband extension and patterned mitosis.
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