Recent findings indicate that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are at the center of most galaxies and coevolve with their host galaxies. The first X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) observation of quasar PDS456 reveals five distinct winds outflowing at 20-30% the speed of light, challenging existing models of black hole outflows. The mass outflow rate is estimated at 60-300 solar masses per year, with wind kinetic power greatly exceeding Eddington luminosity. These findings suggest that wind activity is infrequent during the quasar phase and is poorly transferred to galaxy-scale outflows, requiring new theoretical approaches to understand SMBH dynamics.
The discovery of discrete velocity components from supermassive black hole winds suggests a highly inhomogeneous structure, with a mass outflow rate that exceeds Eddington limits.
XRISM's observations reveal that the complexities of winds around supermassive black holes resist conventional outflow models, indicating a need for a reevaluation of their impact.
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