
"Full-thickness resection tissue samples, surplus to clinical needs, were obtained by the operating surgeon, who identified involved and uninvolved tissue macroscopically. Pathology was confirmed through clinical histopathology reports. Samples were stored in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Sigma-Aldrich), 100 U ml −1 penicillin, and 100 U ml −1 streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) and transported to the laboratory on ice."
"Archived diagnostic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks for ST and validation were obtained from Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust via the Oxford Radciffe Biobank (ORB; REC:19/SC/0173) and the Oxford Centre for Histopathology Research. Additional FFPE blocks were obtained from the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (ethics: 23-131 bp). For FFPE sections, tissues were oriented in cassettes, fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde (VWR International) for 48 h, and transferred to 70% ethanol before being processed through a graded alcohol series for paraffin embedding."
Written informed consent was obtained from adult patients undergoing elective or emergency IBD surgery under specified NHS REC approvals. Healthy control tissue came from elective colorectal cancer surgery (uninvolved tissue) or stoma reversal. Archived diagnostic FFPE blocks were sourced from Oxford Radcliffe Biobank and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg. Full-thickness resection samples were stored in DMEM with 10% FCS and antibiotics and transported on ice. Samples were rinsed in PBS, dissected on ice into full-thickness, submucosa, and mucosa layers, preserved in CryoStor CS10, and stored in liquid nitrogen. FFPE tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde for 48 hours, transferred to 70% ethanol, and processed through a graded alcohol series for paraffin embedding. Patient metadata are summarized in Supplementary Table 1.
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