"However, both W3 and W8 offspring displayed a relatively high transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (Fig. 1d and Extended Data Fig. 1f) at steady state, a well-known functional indicator of loose barrier in atopic dermatitis, especially in children8. The serum of W8 offspring showed, at steady state, increased concentrations of interleukin (IL)-7, CXCL9 and of the type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-9 (Fig. 1e)."
"The PS protocol did not impact the weight of pregnant dams, the litter size or the weight of offspring after birth (Extended Data Fig. 1a-c). The skin of 8-week-old (W8) PS offspring was visually and histologically comparable to that of control (CT) offspring, with no detectable changes in key macroscopic and microscopic features, including in the distribution pattern and abundance of key barrier proteins (Fig. 1b,c and Extended Data Fig. 1d,e)."
Pregnant dams were restrained under bright light for 30 minutes, three times daily from embryonic day 13 to 18 to model prenatal stress. The prenatal stress protocol did not alter dam weight, litter size, or offspring birth weight. Eight-week-old offspring exhibited visually and histologically normal skin with unchanged distribution and abundance of key barrier proteins. Both three-week and eight-week offspring showed elevated transepidermal water loss at steady state. Serum from eight-week offspring contained increased IL-7, CXCL9 and type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-9. These results indicate subtle skin barrier alterations and a predisposition to type 2 immune responses at steady state.
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