"From 509-27 BCE, Rome was governed as a Republic that became a model for the United States and other modern governments. During this period, it expanded from a single city to control Italy, Greece, Spain, and much of North Africa. After Julius Caesar was assassinated, Augustus was crowned Emperor, ending the republican period. The country expanded to take over what is today Britain, France, Egypt, Judea, Syria, and Mesopotamia. Emperor Trajan ruled Rome when it was at its largest,"
"Rome conquered Britannia but could not subdue the Celtic tribes of what is today Scotland. The Picts and Scots were fierce fighters, the climate was cold, the terrain was mountainous and heavily forested in places, and the area did not have the natural resources the Romans needed. So they left it alone and built Hadrian's Wall, a defensive line across the island that visitors can still see today. Rome made repeated attempts to add Germania to their empire but to no avail."
Rome developed from a Republican city-state (509–27 BCE) into a vast Empire under emperors. The Republic model influenced the United States and other modern governments. Territorial expansion under the Republic reached Italy, Greece, Spain, and much of North Africa. After Caesar's assassination and Augustus's rise, imperial expansion added Britain, France, Egypt, Judea, Syria, and Mesopotamia; Trajan later expanded to include Armenia, Romania, and the Persian Gulf. Roman forces failed to permanently conquer Scotland, Germania, and Persia due to fierce resistance, difficult terrain, climatic challenges, military defeats, and resilient Persian dynasties.
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