"The New Economic Policy (NEP) of Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), leader of Soviet Russia, was the introduction in 1921 of a limited form of capitalism in light industry and agriculture. Contrary to Marxist economic ideas, the NEP was viewed as a necessary measure to recover from the economic disasters of WWI and the Russian Civil War. Although the NEP did lead to an economic recovery, it did not create a significantly expanded and technologically advanced economy."
"The Bolsheviks were immediately required to fight the Russian Civil War against reactionary pro-Tsarist and foreign forces, a conflict which only added to the economic turmoil caused by the First World War (1914-18). The Bolsheviks instituted a policy of 'War Communism', where all agriculture and industrial and commercial activity must serve the single goal of winning the civil war and defending the achievement of the proletarian revolution."
Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921, allowing limited capitalism in light industry and agriculture to revive a war-ravaged economy. The NEP reversed War Communism after World War I and the Russian Civil War and followed strikes, the Kronstadt rebellion, and peasant uprisings. The NEP produced an economic recovery but failed to create a broadly expanded, technologically advanced economy. The policy generated distortions: falling food prices alongside rising consumer goods prices, and ideological debates about capitalist elements. Political tensions around the NEP prompted consolidation of one-party power. Joseph Stalin ended the NEP in 1928 through collectivisation and full nationalisation.
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