"Large-scale events, such as the Hajj, constitute complex logistical events that attract approximately two to three million pilgrims annually to Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The immense scale of these gatherings presents significant challenges related to crowd management, infrastructure, public safety, and connectivity which can adversely impact both the pilgrimage experience and their well-being. Challenges of the Hajj and Limitations of Current Solutions The Hajj presents significant challenges in mobility, security, and connectivity, impacting the pilgrimage experience and requiring improved solutions."
"Connectivity challenges arise due to network congestion, inadequate coverage, and infrastructure limitations, affecting both pilgrims and emergency responders. Weak signals have led to navigation failures, putting vulnerable pilgrims at risk. This is especially critical during disasters, when terrestrial communication infrastructure becomes inoperable.2 While current solutions, such as ground-based cameras, security agents, and terrestrial communication infrastructures, provide some relief, they remain limited in coverage, costly, and time-consuming to implement, necessitating more efficient and scalable alternatives.7"
Large-scale events such as the Hajj attract two to three million pilgrims, causing complex crowd management, infrastructure, safety, and connectivity challenges. Mobility problems arise from poor traffic management, congestion, and slow accident response, creating delays, financial losses, and negative pilgrim experiences. Security and surveillance issues include unauthorized pilgrims, overcrowding, and stampede risks. Connectivity suffers from network congestion, limited coverage, and infrastructure failures, which can disable navigation and emergency communications, especially during disasters. Ground-based cameras, security personnel, and terrestrial networks offer limited coverage, high cost, and slow deployment. Networked tethered flying platforms offer continuous aerial monitoring, extended coverage, and scalable communications to address these gaps.
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