
"Design is, by nature, a discipline that works with imagination ( Folkmann, 2010; Tully, 2012). Every act of design is, in some way, speculative, since a designer's work consists of bringing abstract ideas to life, ideas that eventually materialize into physical reality ( Auger, 2013; Ward, 2020). When a designer is developing a product, digital or otherwise, they are constantly speculating about how that product will find its place in the world and in people's lives ( Auger, 2013)."
"As Herbert Simon reminds us in The Sciences of the Artificial (1969), design is the discipline devoted to "shaping the artificial" that which does not exist naturally but emerges from human intention. Thus, the very act of designing is inherently speculative, concerned with conceiving what does not yet exist but could be brought into being."
Design operates through imagination and speculation, transforming abstract ideas into physical or digital artifacts. Designers continually anticipate how new products will integrate into everyday life and address human needs. Design involves intentional shaping of the artificial—elements that do not exist naturally but are created through human purpose. The discipline requires conceiving possibilities that are not yet realized and iteratively refining those possibilities toward realization. Digital product development often proceeds through successive, evolving versions as designers test and adapt creations to better align with users, contexts, and intended functions.
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