If you believe the Chinese government, the country doesn't import any oil from Iran. Zero. Not a barrel. Instead, it imports lots of Malaysian crude. So much that, according to official Chinese customs data, it somehow buys more than twice as much Malaysian oil as Malaysia actually produces.
For many years, Iran has used the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a hub for circumventing sanctions. Dubai, one of the seven emirates of the UAE, is the gateway of banned goods other than oil that enter Iran.
Following Western sanctions over its war in Ukraine, Russia has had to establish similar trade routes to ensure a steady supply of vital goods for its economy. The former Soviet republics in Central Asia have been proving ideal for circumventing the embargoes because countries like Kazakhstan or Kyrgyzstan are part of a customs union with Moscow.
Due to Russia's sanctions-busting strategy, Armenia, for example, saw imports of German cars and components rise almost 1000% last year.
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