
"The citation looks completely legitimate. It's formatted using APA style. It references the Online Learning Journal-a real journal in which Moore has published work -as the paper's publisher. It even includes a fake DOI link, which leads to a "DOI not found" page. For anyone except the two misattributed authors, it would be nearly impossible to tell the paper is fake without further research. But the citation was hallucinated by artificial intelligence."
"Then I get to the section where the prospective authors have listed competing or similar books, and they had a book listed that Stephanie and I had edited. It had a year, and it was listed with Springer, which is a major academic publisher. It even had a little summary of what the book was about. But like the journal article, the book didn't exist."
Researchers Charles Hodges and Stephanie Moore encountered fabricated academic citations created by artificial intelligence. A professor requested their non-existent 2023 paper on instructional presence and learner success, complete with proper APA formatting, a real journal name, and a fake DOI link. Similarly, Hodges was asked to review a book proposal that cited a non-existent edited book attributed to both researchers, listed under a legitimate publisher with a detailed summary. These hallucinated citations appear entirely authentic to most readers, making detection difficult without direct verification from the attributed authors. The incidents highlight growing concerns about AI-generated misinformation in academic contexts.
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